G²LM|LIC - Sudan Labor Market Panel Survey

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Assaad, Raul; Krafft, Caroline, 2023, "G²LM|LIC - Sudan Labor Market Panel Survey", https://doi.org/10.15185/glmlic.706.1, Research Data Center of IZA (IDSC), V4

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Description	The Sudan Labor Market Panel Survey 2022 (SLMPS 2022) is the first wave of a planned longitudinal study of the Sudanese labor market designed to elucidate the way in which human resources are developed and deployed in the Sudanese economy. The SLMPS 2022 is a nationally-representative household survey on a panel of about 5,000 households planned to be repeated every six years. The focus of the survey is to understand key relationships between labor market processes and outcomes and other socio-economic processes such as education, training, family formation and fertility, internal and international migration, gender equality and women's empowerment, enterprise development, housing acquisition, and equality of opportunity and intergenerational mobility. The SLMPS 2022 is modeled on similar surveys carried out in Egypt in 1998, 2006, 2012, and 2018 in Jordan in 2010 and 2016, and in Tunisia in 2014. All of these surveys started out with a sample of 5,000 households in the first wave and then the sample grew as a results of household splits and the addition of a refresher sample in every new wave. The SLMPS 2022 also includes modules from the Living Standards Measurement Study Plus (LSMS+) surveys that focus on gender disaggregated asset, employment, and entrepreneurship data. Given the level of detail desired in the individual level information, it is crucial in this survey that the information be collected from the individual him or herself rather than from any informant in the household. Therefore, the survey design calls for a number of visits to the same household to make sure that each individual aged five and older can be interviewed in person.
Subject	Social Sciences
Keyword	Education, Empowerment, Enterprises, Job Dynamics, Labor Force, Migration, Remittances, Social Protection, Unemployment
Related Publication	Krafft C., Assaad R. & Cheung R. (2023). Introducing the Sudan Labor Market Panel Survey 2022. Economic Research Forum Working Paper No. 1647.
Notes	The topics covered by the survey included: Parental background, education, housing, access to services, residential mobility, migration and remittances, time use, marriage patterns and costs, fertility, women’s decision making and empowerment, job dynamics, savings and borrowing behavior, the operation of household enterprises and farms, besides the usual focus on employment, unemployment and earnings in typical labor force surveys. SLMPS 2022 also provided more detailed information on health, gender role attitudes, food security, hazardous work, community infrastructure and the cost of housing. It incorporated specific questions on vulnerability, coping strategies and access to social safety net programs. In addition, the survey also contains a large number of retrospective questions about the timing of major life events such as education, residential mobility, jobs, marriage and fertility. The survey provides detailed information about place of birth and subsequent residence, as well information about schools and colleges attended at various stages of an individual’s trajectory, which permit the individual records to be linked to information from other data sources about the geographic context in which the individual lived and the educational institutions s/he attended.
License/Data Use Agreement	IIL-1.0

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Citation Metadata

Persistent Identifier	doi:10.15185/glmlic.706.1
Publication Date	2023-10-24
Title	G²LM\|LIC - Sudan Labor Market Panel Survey
Alternative Title	SLMPS
Author	Assaad, Raul (University of Minnesota) Krafft, Caroline (St. Catherine University)
Point of Contact	Use email button above to contact. Research Data Center of IZA (IDSC)
Description	The Sudan Labor Market Panel Survey 2022 (SLMPS 2022) is the first wave of a planned longitudinal study of the Sudanese labor market designed to elucidate the way in which human resources are developed and deployed in the Sudanese economy. The SLMPS 2022 is a nationally-representative household survey on a panel of about 5,000 households planned to be repeated every six years. The focus of the survey is to understand key relationships between labor market processes and outcomes and other socio-economic processes such as education, training, family formation and fertility, internal and international migration, gender equality and women's empowerment, enterprise development, housing acquisition, and equality of opportunity and intergenerational mobility. The SLMPS 2022 is modeled on similar surveys carried out in Egypt in 1998, 2006, 2012, and 2018 in Jordan in 2010 and 2016, and in Tunisia in 2014. All of these surveys started out with a sample of 5,000 households in the first wave and then the sample grew as a results of household splits and the addition of a refresher sample in every new wave. The SLMPS 2022 also includes modules from the Living Standards Measurement Study Plus (LSMS+) surveys that focus on gender disaggregated asset, employment, and entrepreneurship data. Given the level of detail desired in the individual level information, it is crucial in this survey that the information be collected from the individual him or herself rather than from any informant in the household. Therefore, the survey design calls for a number of visits to the same household to make sure that each individual aged five and older can be interviewed in person.
Subject	Social Sciences
Keyword	Education Empowerment Enterprises Job Dynamics Labor Force Migration Remittances Social Protection Unemployment
Topic Classification	Low-Income Countries Developing Countries
Related Publication	Krafft C., Assaad R. & Cheung R. (2023). Introducing the Sudan Labor Market Panel Survey 2022. Economic Research Forum Working Paper No. 1647. url: https://erf.org.eg/publications/introducing-the-sudan-labor-market-panel-survey-2022/ Krafft C., Assaad R., and Cortes-Mendosa A. & Honzay I. (2023). The Structure of Labor Force and Employment in Sudan. Economic Research Forum Working Paper No. 1648. url: https://erf.org.eg/publications/the-structure-of-the-labor-force-and-employment-in-sudan/ Caroline Krafft, C. & Assaad, A. (2022). Building a Survey without a Recent Census: The Case of the Sudan Labor Market Panel Survey. G2LM\|LIC Policy Brief. No. 60. url: https://g2lm-lic.iza.org/publications/pb/building-a-survey-without-a-recent-census/ Caroline Krafft, C. & Assaad, A. (2022). The Impact of COVID-19 on the Ability of Households to Meet Their Basic Needs in Sudan. G2LM\|LIC Policy Brief. No. 42. url: https://g2lm-lic.iza.org/publications/pb/the-impact-of-covid-19-on-the-ability-of-households-to-meet-their-basic-needs-in-sudan/
Notes	The topics covered by the survey included: Parental background, education, housing, access to services, residential mobility, migration and remittances, time use, marriage patterns and costs, fertility, women’s decision making and empowerment, job dynamics, savings and borrowing behavior, the operation of household enterprises and farms, besides the usual focus on employment, unemployment and earnings in typical labor force surveys. SLMPS 2022 also provided more detailed information on health, gender role attitudes, food security, hazardous work, community infrastructure and the cost of housing. It incorporated specific questions on vulnerability, coping strategies and access to social safety net programs. In addition, the survey also contains a large number of retrospective questions about the timing of major life events such as education, residential mobility, jobs, marriage and fertility. The survey provides detailed information about place of birth and subsequent residence, as well information about schools and colleges attended at various stages of an individual’s trajectory, which permit the individual records to be linked to information from other data sources about the geographic context in which the individual lived and the educational institutions s/he attended.
Language	English
Producer	Economic Research Forum (ERF) https://erf.org.eg/ Central Bureau of Statistics, Sudan Ministry of Labor and Social Development, Sudan
Contributor	Researcher : Gadallah, May (Economic Research Forum) Researcher : Ibrahim, Hossam (University of Minnesota) Researcher : Keo, Caitlyn (Catherine University) Researcher : Cheung, Ruby (St. Catherine University) Researcher : Cortes-Mendosa, Adriana (St. Catherine University) Researcher : El-Mahdi, Abda (UNICONS Consultancy Ltd.) Researcher : Suliman, Kabbashi Madani (University of Khartoum) Researcher : Ebaidalla, Ebaidalla (University of Khartoum) Researcher : Bruck, Tilman (Humboldt-University of Berlin) Researcher : Selwaness, Irene (ODI) Researcher : Sieverding, Maia (American University of Beirut) Researcher : Wahba, Jackie (University of Southampton) Researcher : Wahby, Sarah (University of Minnesota)
Funding Information	Institute for The Study of Labor, IZA World Bank
Depositor	Research Data Center of IZA (IDSC)
Deposit Date	2023-10-05
Time Period	Start Date: 2022-06 ; End Date: 2022-09
Data Type	Survey Data

Geospatial Metadata

Geographic Coverage	Sudan

Social Science and Humanities Metadata

Unit of Analysis	Households; Individuals; Household Enterprises
Time Method	Longitudinal
Sampling Procedure	A fundamental challenge when designing the SLMPS sample was the lack of a recent, nationally representative sample frame. The last national population census in Sudan was in 2008, before the secession of South Sudan. There had also been limited updating of administrative borders and maps. The first level of administrative geography in Sudan is the state (wilaya), and there are 18 states in Sudan. The second level of administrative geography in Sudan is the locality (mahaliya), and CBS had updated the borders of localities in 2017 to 189 distinct geographies (each locality nested within a single state).). The principal investigators (C. Krafft and R. Assaad) used the updated borders combined with 2020 population estimates based on remote sensing data to create our sampling frame and draw our sample. These sources were supplemented with additional data to identify refugee and IDP camps and areas for our strata. The planned sample design was a random stratified cluster sample made up of 5,000 households sub-divided into 250 primary sampling units (PSUs). The strata represented in the sample are: (i) refugee camps, (ii) refugee areas (areas with non-camp refugee settlements), (iii) IDP camps, (iv) IDP areas (areas with non-camp IDP settlements), (v) other (non-refugee/non-IDP) rural areas, (vi) other urban areas.
Major Deviations for Sample Design	The realities of the sample frame and the logistics of fielding led to a number of deviations from the planned sample in fielding. While the initial sample was estimated to have a reasonable number of households in each PSU based on satellite imaging and population projections, there were cases where a PSU did not, in fact, have any or many households. All PSU locations were reviewed first in the CBS offices to identify locations that were empty or where there appeared to be five or fewer households and these locations were replaced with backup PSUs. There were a variety of reasons why a PSU might have few or no households, including that it consisted of industrial/commercial (not residential) buildings, that it was a mine or grain storage area, or that it had rocks or grain silos that looked like residences. When office review determined there were at least five or more potential households on the satellite maps, fielding was attempted. However, a number of issues arose in the field as well. Upon visiting, buildings were determined to be non-residential, or were abandoned. Furthermore, a number of locations were determined to be unsafe to field, a status that even changed and fluctuated frequently during the fieldwork. Persistent sandstorms also prevented fielding in specific localities. The rainy season likewise made some locations inaccessible for fielding. Backup samples were created; initially one urban and one rural backup were provided per state, and further backups were drawn as needed to replace PSUs that could not be fielded. Backups were, if possible, from the same strata and always from the same state. When possible, additional backups were also drawn from the same locality in an attempt to minimize bias. However, there were cases when an entire locality became inaccessible. Ultimately, 152 PSUs from the original sample of 250 were fielded in the initially planned locations. Nine of the initially planned backups were used. For the remainder, 24 were replaced by the first replacement given, 17 by the second, 17 by the third, 9 by the fourth, 6 by the fifth, 4 by the seventh, and the remaining 12 by various higher order replacements. Repeated replacements tended to occur in localities with a high share of buildings (e.g. mines, grain storage) that the population estimates likely mistook for residences.
Collection Mode	Face-to-face Interview
Weighting	From the sample design and data collected in the field, sample weights that are designed to make the SLMPS nationally representative, are generated. The weight starts with the probability of a PSU being sampled. We sampled probability proportional to size based on the WorldPop 2020 population estimate (the sum of the population across the pixels within the PSU). A number of PSUs from each stratum-state was sampled. During fieldwork, the number of households within the PSU was supposed to be listed and recorded into ODK-X. In reality, in PSUs that turned out to have larger populations, supervisors did not fully list the PSU. After the fieldwork was completed, the CBS GIS team used satellite images to estimate the number of households within each PSU. The probability of the PSU being sampled and the probability of the household being sampled within the PSU were combined together to generate the PSU weight as the inverse probability of a particular household being sampled. Due to the sampling complexity please see the below document for more details.

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